Neuropsychology & Spouse/Family Members :: Chemistry Chemical Neuropsychological Papers

I mean to investigate the impacts of a parietal mind injury from the point of view of a neuropsychologist; running from types of tests that are utilized when attempting to decide the degree of the harm, to increasing a comprehension of how this harm will influence the remainder of the cerebrum as well as the body. I will likewise investigate the impacts of a cerebrum injury from the point of view of the relatives, and their encounters with the progressions that happen during the restoration procedure. As per The Neuropsychology Center, â€Å"neuropsychological appraisal is a methodical clinical demonstrative technique used to decide the degree of any conceivable social shortages following analyzed or suspected cerebrum injury†(www.neuropsych.com). As referenced beforehand, a mind injury can be the aftereffect of numerous kinds of wounds or scatters, in this way an expansive scope of appraisal methods have been created to incorporate these conceivable outcomes. Two kinds of appraisal methodology that are right now being utilized are the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB), and the Halstead Russell Neuropsychological Evaluation System (HRNES-R). The LNNB is utilized to analyze intellectual shortfalls, while the HRNES-R shows both the nearness and level of weakness. The two systems include errands that require the patient to complete a progression of capacities that test capacities or potentially observations. Such errands would incorporate, however are not constrained to, critical thinking, memory, sensorimotor working, and mental/enthusiastic status. Other testing systems that are generally utilized, in request to increase a superior visual picture of the excitatory movement in the cerebrum are the PET sweep and the MRI. As indicated by Kalat (2004), these techniques are non-obtrusive, implying that they don’t require the inclusion of articles into the cerebrum, yet they yield results that permit analysts to record cerebrum movement. The PET sweep (positron emanation tomography) includes the specialist infusing a radioactive compound into the patient’s body, which is then ingested for the most part by the brain’s most dynamic cells. With the utilization of radioactive indicators, set around the patient’s head, a guide is created that shows which territories of the mind are generally dynamic. The MRI, then again is more affordable and a lot more secure (as it doesn’t open the patient to conceivably destructive radioactive synthetic concoctions). The MRI or attractive reverberation imaging gadget, as a more secure other option, applies an amazing attractive field around the leader of the patient.

Business Resource Planning System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Examine about the Business Resource Planning System. Answer: Presentation Rarely for organizations to work without having bookkeeping divisions. The accomplishment of a business much of the time relies upon the hierarchical structure of that organization, which likewise frequently continues changing as the business develops. With an expansion in business exchanges, bookkeeping has ceaselessly to turn into a significant part of an association or business since the money related achievement or execution of the business is estimated by the data gave in the organization fiscal reports (Peppard and Ward, 2016, p. 2). It has prompted advancement, appropriation, and execution of bookkeeping programming bundles by numerous organizations or organizations in a transition to improve their tasks and administrations to their customers. One of the organizations perceived for the utilization of bookkeeping bundles in Australia is the Greenberg and Co. Sanctioned Accountants which are known for offering quality money related answers for their customers. This investigation , subsequently, looks to give a comprehension of vital data frameworks utilized in this organization with an attention on the bookkeeping data bundles by understanding the present organization structure and a portion of their operational difficulties just as understanding its connection with bookkeeping data programming. Bookkeeping data programming projects are business applications programming that has been created or intended to record just as procedure bookkeeping exchanges inside a business by utilization of useful models. A portion of the regular modules incorporate business trail balance, organization finance, charging, accounts payables and records receivable just as an organization or business general records. Such bookkeeping programming capacities as bookkeeping data frameworks or vital data frameworks (Cassidy, 2016, p. 3). The key data frameworks work as frameworks which blend business innovation and business vital wanting to realize an adjustment in a hierarchical structure to a superior on just as help the organization or business to execute its goals just as improve to meet the reactions of the dynamic economic situations. The accomplishment of any business is reliant on its structure. Business structures are created to enable the organization to accomplish its objectives and goals. Greenberg Co Company is devoted to furnishing its customers with answers for their business issues just as help to think of powerful arranging techniques for their forthcoming loan bosses. Association structure characterizes the chain of command just as the extent of worthy conduct inside an association (Lim and Perrin, 2014, p. 3). It can too help or upset the advancement of a business towards achieving its objectives. The basic business structures utilized by numerous organizations incorporate practical, divisional just as framework structures. The useful structure permits each part of a business to be assembled by its motivation and its found to function admirably for the independent ventures. The divisional structure is utilized for the most part by huge organizations which work in a wide topographical territory. It helps address the issues of the organization all the more quickly and explicitly, in any case, its expensive on account of the size and extent of the business. Then again, a lattice structure is a half breed of both the divisional and practical structure (Broida and Flora, 2015, p. 47). It gives the association to appreciate both the advantages of the practical structure just as those of the divisional structure. The Greenberg Co Company in this manner because of its size and extent of its tasks utilizes the utilization of the divisional structure. This permits the organization to play out its exercises and fulfill the needs of their clients just as their workers. Nonetheless, the organization is encountering some operational issues in offering types of assistance to their customers coming about because of wasteful aspects and money related blunders because of its broad nature of its business activities and its customer base. In most case, the business has neglected to satisfy the particular needs of its customers because of the enormous information particularly the budgetary information and along these lines improving space for mistakes in their administration arrangement (Chang, 2016, p.1). A decent organization structure would permit the organization make productivity gains, represents the capacity to acts or encourage business rebuilding like well as become adaptable in fulfilling and checking its key representatives. For the organization to accomplish more productivity and decrease regular blunders, the organization needs to procure a data framework that will assist them with incorporating their administrations. It can either get business programming, custom programming or ERP programming. Be that as it may, the choice of the obtaining of data framework is relied upon the current structure of the organization or business. In view of the structure the organization needs consequently to alter the application for the workers just as incorporate it to make an orderly and intelligent data framework structure for the organization. The business programming is generally structured or created for business purposes available to be purchased to end-client and in this way may not address the issues of the organization to improve proficiency as it may not redo to the necessities of the organization. Then again, the custom programming is explicitly intended to organization, association or end client explicit necessities (Starinsky, 2016, p. 4). Anyway because of the nature and size of the activities of the Greenberg Company which include various customers the product may not be effective to meet the customers needs productively. The organization, consequently, necessities to receive ERP programming which permits the organization a chance to utilize an arrangement of organization coordinated applications to deal with the business and mechanize the organization back office related capacities, administrations, and human asset capacities. The organization will be in a position, accordingly, to incorporate explicit needs of the customers into the structure, computerize a portion of the dreary elements of the organization, for example, some budgetary requests by customers on their money related reports or even generally business customer administrations. For the Greenberg Co Company to make progress in offering its money related items to their customers, it needs likewise to build up a framework flowchart of the business methods so as to accomplish greatest viability to fulfill the needs of their customers. A flowchart speaks to some authoritative advances, errands, and choices which the association or organization needs to take to make most extreme viability and progress in its administration arrangement to their customers. The figure beneath is an example of a business stream diagram that can be created or embraced by the Greenberg Company. The item appraisal step offers the organization a chance to assess the item after creation and see whether the item characteristics satisfy the needs of their clients or customers. The organization will at that point build up a deal approach concentrating on their planned markets and build up the techniques to enter new markets (Mas et al. 2014, p. 98). It at that point surveys the various needs of their customers; in the event that they address the issues of their clients, the items are introduced to their customers just as meeting their customers protests and furthermore invest in the customers by offering to offer more administrations whenever called upon and ultimately the organization directs a follow-up to get input from their customers on adequacy of the item to the customers and the market on the loose. Nonetheless, the framework is dependent upon departmental control where the business office may appear to settle on most choices about the organization items. Most choices may appear to depend on the top administration and not including the representatives. This may wind up being fakes in deals returns and continues. Because of the development of the companys activities and cheats which may result from absence of lucidity on deals restores the organization, consequently, necessities to create or receive a bookkeeping programming bundle that will assist the organization with recording and procedure its bookkeeping exchanges utilizing useful budgetary modules. The organization can create modules including accounts payables, general records, finance modules, charging just as preliminary equalization modules (Mueller et al. 2014, pg. 651). An organization can have a choice to look over an assortment of bookkeeping bundles including Quick Books, MYOB, Cash stream chiefs, Zero-on the web, sage among others. Anyway the decision of the bookkeeping bundle is relied upon the capacity of the framework to figure all finance prerequisites, the capacity to follow the records of stocks, work in progress, the activity orders and different assignments the board necessities, the capacity to deal with numerous ledg ers just as capacity to isolate monetary records for every business or divisions (Blount et al. 2016, pg. 190). In view of the activities of the organization just as the degree and size of the organization the organization can embrace the utilization of Quick books which has been evaluated as extraordinary compared to other bookkeeping programming because of the assortments of the highlights it offers to its clients or clients. The organization can build up various organization accounts; stay with a track of stock, indebted individuals, lenders, providers, buys just as money related reports among different highlights. The development of the organization has anyway not been extraordinary when contrasted with her rivals in the market. Be that as it may, the organization has a generally enormous piece of the overall industry with its administrations being given to more than 54 nations. It has generally more than 500 000 workers and controls a couple of different organizations through associations. The organization faces hardened rivalry from different firms managing comparative items and offering about similar administrations with the best test and rivalry emerging from the Walker Wayland sanctioned bookkeepers organization which has been the most developing organization over the previous years in Australia (Hafeez and Andersen, 2014, p. 3). The organization has more than 70 percent development rate since 2011 and has a system of over 10other bookkeeping firms. The procurement of the

New Student Photo Series 2010 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2010 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I keep telling myself that one day I am going to take a photography class. I have always enjoyed taking photos, and my enjoyment spiked with the digital camera revolution that took place a few years back. I still remember the days of dropping my canisters of film off and coming back a few days later to pick up the physical photos. This includes when I lived in Korea, before the digital camera became mainstream, and before the Internet became mainstream for that matter, and I would develop the photos to send them home to my family.   And yes, the walk to the photo lab was uphill both ways too, in a driving monsoon or snowstorm depending on the season. This has obviously all changed and now we possess the ability to send pictures to relatives and friends around the world mere seconds after we take them. I cannot actually remember the last time I had a photograph developed at a traditional photo lab. Each year students from close to 100 different countries enroll at SIPA. I thought that a good way to spice the blog up over the summer would be to welcome photo submissions from our incoming students. The photos can be related to anything you wish. Travel photos, artistic photos, event photos, family and friends photos . . . anything you wish to share. I will then post them to this blog for all to enjoy. I have Photoshop so I can re-size the photos as necessary so you dont have to worry about size.   So if you are an incoming student and you want to participate, simply send along your photos to this address: sipa_new@columbia.edu. Do note that it can take a while for us to post them so we appreciate your patience. Please include the following: Your Name Your Degree Program (MIA, MPA, MPA-DP) Where the photo was taken A brief description of the photo Ill get the process started with a few of my own.   This photo was taken in the summer of 1994 in Pusan, South Korea. I liked the juxtaposition of the modern, plastic, corporate icon Ronald McDonald and the older gentleman in traditional Korea garb. This picture was taken in the 50th Street Subway station of the A-C-E line in Manhattan in October of 2004. For a period of months I did a series on discarded coffee cups around the city. I entitled this one, Separation Anxiety. This is not a picture I took, but rather a picture taken of me a few years ago.   When I am not reading admission applications sometimes I like to test gravity.   The older I get, the more gravity exerts its dominance over me but it is fun to keep trying. Hopefully this gives you incoming students out there some inspiration and I look forward to receiving your photos so I can post them to the blog for all to see. Once again, send them to sipa_new@columbia.edu with the details listed above.

Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller - 789 Words

In the play â€Å"Death of a Salesman â€Å"by Arthur Miller, the father-son relationship is displayed throughout the entire play. Willy the father and his sons Biff and Happy have an unusual relationship; where Willy is an unsupportive father his sons. Both sons have to lie to their father so that he is pleased with them. Willy does not treat Biff and Happy equally, and expects too much from them. Willy paid more attention to Biff then Happy when the boys were younger. For example, Happy tried to get Willy’s attention twice by asking Willy â€Å"I’m loosing weight, you notice, Pop?† (21), Willy ignores his son and goes on to talk with his wife. Nearing the end of the play, Biff confronts Willy and tells him â€Å"†¦ We never told the truth for ten minutes in this house!† Biff explains to his dad that he was actually in jail for 3 months for stealing. And Happy wasn’t actually the assistant buyer, he was in fact on of the two assistants for the assistant. Willy’s sons had to le to his just to make Willy content. Wills seems to think that his way is the right way. Willy wanted his boys to become great business men just like him. He thinks that the boys should be well liked so that they can get far in life. He expected too much from them so the boys had to lie to Willy to keep him alive and satisfied. Willy doesn’t know how to bring up his children because he never had a father in his childhood. Willy fails to teach his sons about the real world. Willy influenced them that in the realShow MoreRelatedDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1387 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican play-write Arthur Miller, is undoubtedly Death of a Salesman. Arthur Miller wrote Death of a Salesman in 1949 at the time when America was evolving into an economic powerhouse. Arthur Miller critiques the system of capitalism and he also tells of the reality of the American Dream. Not only does he do these things, but he brings to light the idea of the dysfunctional family. Death of a Salesman is one of America’s saddest tragedies. In Arthur Miller’s, Death of a Salesman, three major eventsRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller888 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman† is a play written by Arthur Miller in the year 1949. The play revolves around a desperate salesman, Willy Lom an. Loman is delusioned and most of the things he does make him to appear as a man who is living in his own world away from other people. He is disturbed by the fact that he cannot let go his former self. His wife Linda is sad and lonely; his youngest son Biff is presented as a swinger/player while his eldest son Happy appears anti-business and confused by the behaviorRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1573 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresents a character with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Bloom 2). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and theRead MoreDeath of Salesman by Arthu r Miller972 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Death of a Salesman by the playwright Arthur Miller, the use of names is significant to the characters themselves. Many playwrights and authors use names in their works to make a connection between the reader and the main idea of their work. Arthur Miller uses names in this play extraordinarily. Not only does Miller use the names to get readers to correlate them with the main idea of the play, but he also uses names to provide some irony to the play. Miller uses the meanings of someRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1628 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller wrote the Pulitzer Prize winning play Death of a Salesman in 1949. The play inflated the myth of the American Dream of prosperity and recognition, that hard work and integrity brings, but the play compels the world to see the ugly truth that capitalism and the materialistic world distort honesty and moral ethics. The play is a guide toward contemporary themes foreseen of the twentieth century, which are veiled with greed, power, and betrayal. Miller’s influence with the play spreadRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller949 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman can be described as modern tragedy portraying the remaining days in the life of Willy Loman. This story is very complex, not only because of it’s use of past and present, but because of Willy’s lies that have continued to spiral out of control throughout his life. Arthur Miller puts a modern twist on Aristotle’s definition of ancient Greek tragedy when Willy Loman’s life story directly identifies the fatal flaw of the â€Å"American Dream†. Willy Loman’s tragic flaw can be recappedRead MoreThe Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller846 Words   |  4 PagesA Dime a Dozen The Death of a Salesman is a tragedy written by playwright Arthur Miller and told in the third person limited view. The play involves four main characters, Biff, Happy, Linda, and Willy Loman, an ordinary family trying to live the American Dream. Throughout the play however, the family begins to show that through their endeavors to live the American Dream, they are only hurting their selves. The play begins by hinting at Willy’s suicidal attempts as the play begins with Linda askingRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller Essay2538 Words   |  11 PagesSurname 1 McCain Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course: Date: Death of a Salesman Death of a salesman is a literature play written by American author Arthur Miller. The play was first published in the year 1949 and premiered on Broadway in the same year. Since then, it has had several performances. It has also received a lot of accordances and won numerous awards for its literature merit including the coveted Pulitzer for drama. The play is regarded by many critics as the perfectRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller2081 Words   |  9 Pages#1 â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller is a tragedy, this play has only two acts and does not include scenes in the acts. Instead of cutting from scene to scene, there is a description of how the lighting focuses on a different place or time-period, which from there, they continue on in a different setting. The play doesn’t go in chronological order. A lot of the play is present in Willy’s flashbacks or memories of events. This provides an explanation of why the characters are acting a certainRead MoreDeath Of Salesman By Arthur Miller1475 Words   |  6 Pagesto death to achieve their so- called American dream. They live alone and there is no love of parents and siblings. They may have not noticed the America dream costs them so much, which will cause a bigger regret later. In the play Death of Salesman, Arthur Miller brings a great story of a man who is at very older age and still works hard to achieve his desire, which is the American dream. Later, he no tices that his youth is gone and there is less energy in his body. Willy Loman is a salesman, who

Children s Participation During Early Childhood Exercise...

Children’s participation in early childhood exercise programs plays an important part in the development of the human body, both physically and mentally. Regular physical exercise in youth’s plays an important part of their childhood as it has many beneficial health outcomes associated with growth and development connected with adulthood. These health outcomes include increasing production of bone mineral content (BMC), and the decrease of depression, obesity and cardiovascular disease risks. Early life exposures to exercise influence health outcomes for the duration of adulthood so implications will need to be addressed to keep future generations as active and healthy as possible, taking into consideration that the lack of physical activity in young children is a life long result that cannot be changed nor developed at an older age (Jacka et al., 2008; Zask et al., 2012). Forty per cent of Australian children do not take part in any exercise at all throughout their chi ldhood, therefor researching particular health outcomes from participation in early childhood exercise is an important piece of information that today’s society need to be informed of and need to take aboard, as the benefits of early childhood physical activity clearly outnumber the disadvantages (Victoria state government, 2015; Zask et al., 2012). Bone Health Physical activity in early childhood has beneficial effects on bone structure and content that aids adult bones when a suitable amount of exerciseShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Childhood Exercise On Decreasing Childhood And Lifelong Obesity3011 Words   |  13 PagesImportance of Childhood Exercise in Decreasing Childhood and Lifelong Obesity Marisa McGinnis ID: 11672884 May 11, 2015 Professor Bic Public Health 148 The article that inspired this topic: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathleen_Janz/publication/12406709_Tracking_physical_fitness_and_physical_activity_from_childhood_to_adolescence_the_muscatine_study/links/02bfe50ddb51f02266000000.pdf Introduction The prevalence of obesity and being overweight in all ages, specifically children and teenagersRead MoreThe Importance Of Physical Education On American Schools1412 Words   |  6 PagesReview Hommes, Tiffany J., Bemidji State University, USA Background Many children in America do not receive the needed amount of physical activity needed to maintain a healthy weight. Approximately17% of children are obese (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2016) and 1 in 3 children are overweight or obese (American Heart Association, 2016). This is a local and national emergency that needs to be addressed to keep children healthy, prevent morbidities, and control the costs that are associated withRead MoreChildhood Physical Development Essay1870 Words   |  8 Pagesenhances children’s quantitative development within middle childhood, supporting growth toward healthy strong people, physically and psychology. Middle childhood is documented as being between the ages of six to ten years old. A lack of physical activity affects children across all areas of development; it is not restricted within the domain of physical development. Discussed within are the expectations of motor development within middle childhood, the benefits of physical activi ty and the consequencesRead MoreDifferent Types Of Parenting Practices And Behaviors Have A Great Result On A Child s Education Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pages  According to Luchuck, there are three ways in which parents can become involved in schooling. They include, direct involvement in school management and choice and by being present in the schools; through participation in special parenting training programs; and through family resource and support programs (Luchuck, 14). A few schools have begun to make parent involvement a policy. As reported by Desimone, strategies for improving parent involvement have become a focus of   Ã‚  education policy at the localRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay2532 Words   |  11 Pagesnot far behind. In addition, these countries children are now becoming as overweight as their parents and other adults. Unlike these adults, children seldom have the knowledge and control over their lifestyle to contribute to either health or obesity. Prominen t researchers in the field exemplify the need for quick action. They state, The effects of childhood obesity on morbidity and mortality indicate that effective prevention and therapy for childhood obesity are likely to have a significant impactRead MoreThe Advanced Practice Nurse Is Responsible For Policy Implementation, Budgeting, And Quality Improvement2765 Words   |  12 Pagesvery different within each role. A nurse educator has a didactic role in which she works to educate and guide future nurses and other healthcare providers. A NP is trained to provide health promotion and maintenance along a continuum, she has a hand?s on approach and interacts directly with patients and their family members. A NI streamlines information and acts as a spearhead for EHRs. A nurse executive is responsible for the nursing care of her organization. Regulatory and legal requirementsRead MoreThe Conceptual Framework For A Research Based Diet And Physical Activity Interventions5466 Words   |  22 Pages(2010) state parents are interested in participating in obesity prevention programs, but their motivation to engage in such activities does not stem primarily from their desire to improve the health of their children and families. According to the CDC (2012), it has been identified an overarching desire among parents to feel better about themselves as parents that could in turn lead to pursuing improvements in their family?s nutrition and physical activity behaviors. According to Pocok (2010) parentsRead MoreEssay on Child Development2912 Words   |  12 Pages In developing countries, a large number of children are exposed to various risk factors in their early childhood. These include malnutrition, poor health and reduced levels of home stimulation. The risk factors including poverty, low levels of maternal educatio n, child malnutrition, teenage parenting, increased levels of maternal stress and depression, low weights during birth, unsafe neighborhoods, and reduced stimulation at home, and those children that are exposed to a variety of risk factorsRead MoreObesity As A Body Mass Index ( Bmi )1458 Words   |  6 Pagesfemales. Since the 1980’s, obesity worldwide has doubled (World Health Organization, 2014). In 2008, over 1.4 billion adults were considered overweight and one-third of these people were considered obese. Over one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese. Non-Hispanic blacks had the highest age-adjusted rates of obesity with 47.8%, followed by Hispanics at 42.5%, non-Hispanic whites at 32.6% and non-Hispanic Asians at 10.8 %. Obesity does not only affect adults but children of all-ages as well.Read MoreThe Prevalence Of Childhood Obesity Essay1860 Words   |  8 PagesThe prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States has greatly increased in the past two to three decades 1, while incidence of obesity has doubled worldwide since 1980 2. Today, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates over 170 million children and adolescents worldwide are overweight. Particularly in the United States, prevalence of obesity in children has increased from 13.9% in 1999 to 31.8% in 2010 3. After nearly two decades of increase, the rates have started to plateau 4. Thresholds

Language Development in Exceptional Circumstances Free Essays

â€Å"Ever since attempts have been made to describe and explain normal language development, references to exceptional circumstances have been made. † (Bishop Mogford, 1988: v) Language development in exceptional circumstances refers to cases of child language acquisition which are considered as departing from the norm. In the following, five types of exceptional circumstances will be taken into account; that is: the case of neglected children, the case of hearing children brought-up by deaf parents, the case of bilingual children, the case of twins, and the case of children affected by Williams syndrome. We will write a custom essay sample on Language Development in Exceptional Circumstances or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is by no means a full consideration of all existing exceptional circumstances for language development; rather it is a selection of the cases which I find most revealing to gain insight into normal language development. Indeed, in the light of the aforementioned exceptional circumstances, we will be able to draw understandings about language development in its unexceptional nature, such as its relationship to environmental factors (I) and to other cognitive devices (II). First of all, exceptional circumstances can provide important evidence relevant to the role played by the verbal environment in child language acquisition. Neglected children, hearing children brought-up by deaf parents, bilingual children, and twins, are all faced to a certain form of restricted verbal stimulation. For instance, Marie Mason (1942) reported a case that concerned a neglected child, Isabelle, who had been kept in seclusion with her deaf and mute mother because she was illegitimate. They spent their time in a dark room shut away from the family who had rejected them, and Isabelle was completely deprived of language until she gained her freedom at the age of 6. Children of deaf parents are also limited in their exposure to spoken language, although in the context of otherwise normal social, communicative and environmental stimulation. As for children who are brought-up bilingual and as twins, verbal stimulation is similarly impaired, the former because their exposure to one particular language is reduced ecause they must deal with two languages simultaneously, and the latter because one family’s linguistic resources are shared between two infants in the same developmental stage. Yet, just as Isabelle went on to develop normal language in only 18 months’ time after gaining her freedom (Skuse, 1988: 33), children of deaf parents, bilingual children, and twins, also develop normal language over time, albeit the adverse circumstances. This provides evid ence of resilience of language acquisition. Indeed, the fact that these children, despite such unfavourable circumstances, ultimately achieve linguistic proficiency (not unlike an ordinary child) tells us that children learn language despite a restricted language input, meaning that innate language abilities must have a substantial role in normal language acquisition. In this sense, exceptional circumstances indicate that the principles of language development advocated by behaviourists are quite inadequate to explain how the child develops language, and provides evidence in favour of Noam Chomsky’s theory of Universal Grammar. Conversely, however, exceptional circumstances do provide some evidence of the importance of the verbal environment for normal language development. For instance, Genie, another neglected child who was discovered at 13 years of age after having been locked in a small room and beaten by her father whenever she uttered a sound, never fully recovered from the deprivation of language in her early years. Although she is now 55 years-old, she never acquired true linguistic competence. This gives evidence for the existence of a time window during which external influences have a significant effect. Just as songbirds will learn to sing the appropriate song for their species only if they hear that song in the first few weeks of life, there is a critical period for the child to successfully develop language† (Bishop Mogford, 1988: 252). This ‘critical period’ is set from birth to sometime between 5 and 7 years of age depending on the individual, which is why Isabelle –who was 6 when liberated– developed language readily, while Genie –who was 13– did not. Therefore, exceptional circumstances provide insight into a critical period for language development after which failed experiences in infancy cannot be compensated. Moreover, exceptional circumstances can also provide insight into the relationship between language and cognition. In this section, we shall consider the case of children affected by Williams syndrome. Williams syndrome is characterized by a sophisticated use of language with complex syntax and adult-like vocabulary in individuals who otherwise demonstrate no evidence of concrete operational behaviour on Piagetian tasks, and whose overall level of mental development is below that of a 7-year-old (Jones Smith, 1988: 248). In other words, Williams syndrome children are mentally retarded, yet they demonstrate impressive lexical semantic abilities, complex expressive morphology and syntax, and good metalinguistic skills. For instance, three Williams syndrome adolescents were investigated: Van (age 11), Crystal (age 15), and Ben (age 16). Their full-scale IQ scores on traditional intelligence tests were: Van, 50; Crystal, 49; and Ben, 54. However, their scores on formal tests of language were higher than performance on non-language cognitive tasks (Bishop Mogford, 1975: 182). This relative sparing of language in the face of other cognitive impairments is particularly revealing about the relationship between language and cognition in that it implies that there is dissociation between language and other cognitive functions. Similarly, it may be particularly striking that, in patients of global aphasia, which is a severe language disorder, other cognitive skills remain functioning, affirming that language faculty is indeed a separate domain (Saffran et al). Therefore, the exceptional case of Williams syndrome children, and the rather converse instance global aphasia, indicate that normal language development is not directly related to intelligence, hence why language is acquired rapidly and uniformly by all ‘normal’ children, irrespective of intelligence. In conclusion, language development in exceptional circumstances stands as a window into the analysis of normal language development. In the words of Gary Dell: â€Å"the inner workings of a highly complex system are often revealed by the way in which the system breaks down† (Baars, 1992: 5). Indeed, throughout this essay, the study of exceptional circumstances has provided us with evidence that, although language input has an important role in language development, it may be limited, given the Poverty of Stimulus argument. The study of exceptional circumstances has also evidenced the existence of a critical period for language development and made the issociation between language and other cognitive functions clearer. Nonetheless, one must bear in mind that a more in-depth study of exceptional circumstances, for instance one that would take into account infantile autism or Down syndrome children, would certainly provide us with further information about the components of normal language development. Unfortunately, given the time limitations for the realization of this essay, these aspects will be left for o thers to analyse. How to cite Language Development in Exceptional Circumstances, Essays

Writing from the Center and Margin An Analysis of Mary Shelley’s Creation of Frankenstein Essay Example

Writing from the Center and Margin: An Analysis of Mary Shelley’s Creation of Frankenstein Essay Women are sociological chameleons; they take on the class, lifestyle, and culture of their male counterparts. However, it can also be argued that women themselves have formed a subculture within the framework of a nascent society unified by the values, conventions, experiences and behaviors impinging on each individual. Such a subculture is custodial although a thriving and positive entity (Robbins 13). It is custodial as it enables the perpetuation of a group’s subordination [it contains a set of opinions, prejudices, tastes, and values prescribed to a subordinate group that enables the perpetuation of its subordination].  A thriving and positive entity, on the other hand, as it enables the formation of self-awareness [such a subculture is seen as fostering the creation of a collective identity outside the conceptual framework of the male culture]. Women, in this sense, may be seen as possessing what Chela Sandoval refers to as an â€Å"oppositional consciousness†: t he ability to read and write culture on multiple levels (qtd in Kaplan 187). Within this situation, the woman is placed on the edge. The edge, in this sense, may be seen as a region where there is a potential for isolation and despair but most importantly growth and liberty. Such a situation is captured succinctly by Bell Hooks as she states Living as we did-on the edge-we developed a particular way of seeing reality. We looked both from outside in and from inside out. We focused our attention on the center as well as on the margin [and hence] we understood both (23). The political situation of margin and center relies on the existence of a conceptual framework where marginal perspectives are perceived not as â€Å"passive recipients of ready made images and structures (but as) complex, sophisticated views† which filter and mediate other perspectives (Kaplan, 358). In the process of recreation, local meanings are created which in turn lead the way for the formation of hybrid cultural relics and subjects. Such an occurrence leads to the displacement of identities, persons and meanings. Deleuze and Guattari refer this as the process of â€Å"deterritorialization† (62). We will write a custom essay sample on Writing from the Center and Margin: An Analysis of Mary Shelley’s Creation of Frankenstein specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Writing from the Center and Margin: An Analysis of Mary Shelley’s Creation of Frankenstein specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Writing from the Center and Margin: An Analysis of Mary Shelley’s Creation of Frankenstein specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari use the term to locate the moment of alienation and exile in language and literature. In the process of deterritorialization, one is able to achieve the effects of the radical distanciation of the signifier and the signified resulting to the estrangement of meanings and utterances. â€Å"This defamiliarization enables imagination, even if it produces alienation ‘to express another community, to force the means for another consciousness and another sensibility’† (Kaplan, 358). In the process, we no longer delineate ourselves to specific literatures, which we consider as the works of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"masters†, but what we designate is the â€Å"revolutionary condition† for the formation of a new form of literature which â€Å"travels and moves between centers and margins† (Kaplan, 358). Within this context the development of personal and political identity are established or pushed through by citing the differences of margin and center. Hence, one can develop one’s identity by rewriting and hence redefining the signifiers attached to the self within a particular domineering culture. Displaced individuals [which include subjects of gender and sexual discrimination] recognize the effects of this situation. Mary Shelley, a multi-faceted female writer during the period of Romanticism [Romantic Era in English Literature] recognized the possibility of forming a strategic response against the language, which delineates the women’s existence through her creation of Frankenstein. Frankenstein [The Modern Prometheus] has been seen as a critique of the industrial revolution, of value-free experimental science, and of romantic Prometheanism, the philosophy to which Percy Shelley [her husband] and his friends [specifically Lord Byron] subscribed. Such a philosophy assumed that there ought to be no limits to human experience and experimentation (Bloom 214-15). It is important to note that the creation of Frankenstein was highly influenced by the two aforementioned figures [Percy Shelley and Lord Byron]. The novel was written during 1816 when Mary Shelley and her husband visited Switzerland in order to meet Lord Byron [George Gordon]. During this period, Byron proposed that each member of the group should write a ghost story. However, amongst the three, it was only Mary Shelley who was able to finish the construction of the story. The result of her efforts is a tale that exerts a hypnotic force on the reader. Apart from the gripping character of her work, Shelley enabled the creation of a genuine literary myth. However, due to the conditions of her time [English culture perceived women’s thoughts as irrational and insignificant], the novel was initially published anonymously. It was only during 1831 that she revised the initial edition and published it in her own name. The differences amongst the two editions mirror the influence of the two aforementioned figures [Percy Shelley and Lord Byron] in the construction of Frankenstein. Furthermore, both editions mirror Shelley’s development as a writer. Joseph states, although the initial edition was characterized with a spite of errors [those of a novice]†¦the central idea is carried through with considerable skill and force† thereby mirroring the promise of Mary Shelley as a writer (v). I would like to note, however, that Shelley’s revised edition of the novel also mirror her separation from the Romanticism that characterized and defined her husband’s [as well as Lord Byron’s views]. Such a separation is evident in the fatalism evident in the second version of Frankenstein. As opposed to the initial version, the second version of the aforementioned novel may be seen as characterizing Shelley’s fatalistic conception of human existence. Human life is thereby portrayed as ruled by an indifferent power capable of betraying human desires for the good. During 1818, Frankenstein was depicted as in possession of both free will and autonomy. He was depicted as an individual capable of abandoning his quest for the â€Å"principle of life†. Along with this, he was depicted as an individual who could have cared for his creation. Dr. Frankenstein’s initial depiction was thereby that of an individual immune to differing potentialities. Such a perspective is highly characteristic of Shelley and Byron’s Romanticism. The revision of the novel, however, depicted an individual prone to chance. Thus, Victor Frankenstein notes in the second version that â€Å"our souls constructed†¦by such slight ligaments (that) we are bound to propensity or ruin (Shelley 239). He further mentions in the later part of the passage that salvation could have been possible for the characters, however such a salvation was denied due to the potency of destiny. He states, destiny’s â€Å"immutable laws decreed my (Dr. Frankenstein’s) utter and terrible destruction† (Shelley 239). As opposed to such a view, one may state that the fatalism within the novel was not really a departure from her husband’s and her neighbor’s (Lord Byron) Romanticism. Rather, such a use of fatalism was meant to place emphasis on the use of rationality in the assessment of devastating moral occurrences. The aforementioned instance, in this sense, may be seen as Dr. Frankenstein’s attempts at rationalization and self-deception. However, as opposed to this view, the Romantics themselves recognized the futility of acts of self-deception as well as the paradoxical character of such acts. Note, for instance the manner in which Percy Shelley states â€Å"the secret Strength of things/Which govern thought, and to the infinite dome/ Of Heaven is as a law†. Such a passage may be perceived, as Shelley’s [his philosophical view’s] inclination towards the rules of rationality taking control over silence and fatality. Within a rational world, self-deceptio n stands as a paradoxical concept due to the necessity of knowing and hence believing a thing, concept, or idea, which one chooses to contradict and negate. Such an act thereby amounts to a form of succumbing to the silence of fatality. Furthermore, in relation to this, thoughts of fatalism were also apparent in the female character of the novel. If it is the case that the second version of Frankenstein mirrors an adherence to fatalism on Mary Shelley’s part, one wonders how it is possible for her to portray Sandoval’s conception of oppositional consciousness. Note that oppositional consciousness stands as a manner of creating a new conception of reality as opposed to the predominant conception of reality evident within one’s conceptual framework. Percy Shelley stands as a direct influence on the shaping of Mary Shelley’s thoughts. Although May Shelley belonged to a highly radical family [being the daughter of Wollstonecraft and Goodwin], the early death of her mother [Wollstonecraft] and thereby her initial experience of family life as highly patriarchal in character [in the sense that the man is the only member of the family retained amongst her parents] enabled her to be highly situated within the auspices of male rationality. The later part of her novel, in this sense may be depicted as depicti ng the manner in which both men and women are recognized as affected by the custodial character of a patriarchal culture. However, due to the dominance of male creation [in terms of meaning] within this aforementioned culture, the male stands as the one directly affected by the irrationality of his presumed rationality [which is evident in the fate of Dr. Frankenstein and his creature]. Frankenstein, in this sense, may be seen as Mary Shelley’s depiction of the mistaken assumptions of her time, which mirrors the mistakes of patriarchy and its effects upon itself. Her novel thereby opts for the recreation of the margins so as to affect the foundational propositions and hence foundational truths depicted within the center of the patriarchal ideology.